Kategorie: Zusammenfassung

The history of social psychiatry discussed in the sources primarily revolves around the experiences and insights of Dr. Werner Saameli and Dr. Ursula Davatz in Switzerland, particularly in the Cantons of Aargau and Bern.

Early Development and Dr. Werner Saameli’s Beginnings

• Appointment and Vision (1975-1976): Dr. Werner Saameli was chosen by Prof. Dr. med. F. Gnirss in 1975 and began his work in the Canton of Aargau in 1976. Gnirss intended for Saameli to advance social psychiatry. Saameli was particularly interested in the opportunity to build and expand services for patients who were often neglected, such as those with chronic psychoses, addiction, and other chronic illnesses. He aimed to work from a „bottom-up“ approach rather than „top-down,“ focusing on the „poorest of the poor and neglected“.
• Preparation and Influences: Saameli felt well-prepared for this task. He had prior experience working with chronically ill patients during his practicum in Rheinau, where he also attempted a scientific paper. Before his position in Aargau, he worked with adolescents and alcoholics in Winterthur.
• Concept of „Sozialpsychiatrie“: The term „Sozialpsychiatrie“ (social psychiatry) as a planning concept was already present in the directives for hospital and health planning in Aargau in 1971. A predecessor, Mr. Dubach, had also used this term.
• Key Inspirations:
  • University Hospital Burghölzli, Zurich: Saameli learned and „copied“ a great deal from Professor Ambros Uchtenhagen’s social psychiatric service at the University Hospital Burghölzli in Zurich, which was experiencing a significant „spirit of new beginnings“ (Aufbruchsstimmung) post-1968.
  • Professor Raymond Battegay, Basel: Battegay also wrote books on social psychiatry.
  • Therapeutic Community: Saameli was deeply influenced by the principle of the therapeutic community, having read about it as early as 1965-1966. He was inspired by Maxwell Jones, a pioneer in this field from Scotland, who visited Königsfelden twice. Jones’s „milieu therapy“ was central to his approach. This approach allowed them to effectively implement principles of social learning and therapeutic community in the night clinic.
• Dr. Ursula Davatz’s Contribution: Dr. Ursula Davatz joined Saameli on April 1, 1980. Saameli expected her to continue their positive working relationship from their time as assistants in Lausanne and to bring her experience with therapeutic communities and her knowledge of family therapy, which she had learned and practiced in the USA under Murray Bowen. Davatz also highlighted that family therapy fit very well into the concept of social psychiatry and felt it brought a theoretical component from America. Her local origin from Aargau was seen as an additional advantage by Saameli, who valued the integration of language and cultural background when working with mentally ill patients.

Challenges and Resistance to Social Psychiatry

Social psychiatry faced significant resistance, both politically and within the medical and psychiatric communities:

• Political Opposition in Aargau:
  • The Vice Director of the Königsfelden clinic derisively referred to the social psychiatric service as „SPD“ (Social Democratic Party of Germany), attempting to label it as politically radical and link it to the „red corner“.
  • The association of social psychiatry with the „antipsychiatry“ label, stemming from progressive students who had studied in Berlin, also created resistance.
  • The then-Health Director, Rainer Huber, initially opposed the decentralization of services, insisting that all care should remain in Königsfelden due to its traditional and cultural importance. He preferred a „treatment chain“ concept for drug addicts.
• Internal Clinic Resistance:
  • The success and attractiveness of the social psychiatry department in Königsfelden led to envy and jealousy from other colleagues and long-standing nursing staff within the clinic, who felt the social psychiatry team was working against the main clinic.
• Opposition from Private Practitioners: Free-practicing doctors, particularly in Aargau, viewed the state-provided ambulatory psychiatric services as competition.
• Fear of Increased Patient Numbers: There was a concern that expanding decentralized psychiatric services would lead to an increase in the number of patients being identified and treated, potentially overwhelming the system.

Expansion to Thun and Overcoming Obstacles

When Dr. Saameli moved to Thun, similar and new challenges arose:

• Professional Support: In Thun, Saameli was strongly supported professionally by Professors Luc Ciompi and Edgar Heim in Bern, who advocated for decentralized psychiatric institutions integrated into general hospitals, moving beyond solely inpatient care.
• „Eclatant“ Opposition in Bern: The Bernese Medical Association and its president vehemently opposed the establishment of these decentralized „support points,“ even publishing their stance in a newspaper.
• Private Psychiatrist Opposition (Alfred Stucki): A private psychiatrist in Thun, Alfred Stucki, was a strong opponent, denouncing the new services as „state medicine“. However, he later became a good colleague, acknowledging the quality of Saameli’s work.
• Hospital Internal Resistance: The Thun hospital itself was initially reluctant to integrate psychiatric services due to lack of space and general resistance, requiring a new building. This resistance was overcome through financial pressure from Heinz Locher of the Health Directorate, who threatened to cut funding for the new hospital building if the psychiatric service was not implemented as mandated by the Grand Council.
• Inter-Departmental Conflicts: The internist department had difficulties, as they felt they had exclusive claim to psychosomatic care.
• Gaining Acceptance: The psychiatric service eventually gained acceptance by handling difficult and unpleasant patients (e.g., psychopaths, alcoholics, stranded foreigners) and providing regular emergency services at the general hospital. This significantly lightened the load for other departments and earned them support from nursing staff.

Innovations and Successes in Vocational Integration

• Berufsförderungskurs (Vocational Training Course): Saameli implemented a vocational training course in Thun, a concept he adapted from Ambros Uchtenhagen. This course trained long-term patients in office work and computer skills, preparing them for the open labor market, rather than just traditional workshops. This initiative also helped train hospital staff. Patients who successfully completed the course were even hired in hospital administration, demonstrating that psychiatry could effectively integrate long-term patients into the workforce and changing perceptions of psychiatric care.
• „Möbelpfisterprojekt“: Saameli also launched the „Möbelpfisterprojekt,“ a vocational integration program that facilitated patients‘ entry directly into the free economy, not just state-supported workshops. This was considered a pioneering effort, supported by social worker Edi Simost. This emphasized a shift from simply employing disabled individuals in workshops to bringing them into the service industry.

Current State and Critiques of Modern Psychiatry

At the 30-year anniversary of outpatient psychiatry in Aargau, Saameli observed several developments:

• Increased Complexity and Staff: The system has become significantly more complex and dense, with much more staff (around 120 people compared to 12 when he started) and more parallel parts of the Königsfelden clinic.
• Decentralized Ambulatory Services: His earlier wish for decentralized ambulatories and day clinics in various locations (Aarau, Baden, Wohlen, Rheinfelden) has been realized.
• Concerns about Centralization of Power: Despite the decentralized services, the head of the ambulatory services is still based in Königsfelden and reports to Professor Marc Walter, the overall head of adult psychiatry. Saameli views this as a „step backward“ because it signifies that power and leadership remain centralized within the institution, rather than being focused on the social environment where patients live and work. He believes that social psychiatry should be practiced with the social environment as the primary focus, not from the institution.
• Economization of Healthcare: Saameli expresses strong criticism about the economization of psychiatry and medicine in general.
  • He notes that hospitals tend to prioritize inpatient treatment because it generates more revenue than outpatient care, driven by current health insurance tariffs. He advocates for changes in tariffs or a shift in concept to prioritize the role of the environment in treatment.
  • He argues that the introduction of market principles into healthcare has increased costs, rather than reducing them through competition, as competition often leads to market expansion and more services. He states that the relationship has inverted: the institution now needs patients to be profitable, whereas previously, patients needed the institution for help and protection.
  • He also states that those who refer to patients as „customers“ are revealing themselves as „sellers“.
• Crisis Intervention: He advocates for psychiatric emergency services to be integrated with somatic (general) hospitals. This approach, proven in Thun, can prevent unnecessary psychiatric hospitalizations by allowing psychiatric professionals to intervene early at the general hospital’s emergency department.
• Burnout and Stigma:
  • Saameli observes that burnout has become a „huge business“ with specialized clinics, and it is almost the „only psychological illness that one likes“ due to its socially acceptable nature. He labels it a „salonfähige Depression“ (socially acceptable depression).
  • He argues for early intervention at the workplace in cases of conflict or stress, rather than prolonged sick leaves or hospitalizations, as this would be a more sensible approach to managing burnout.
  • While the stigma of mental illness has decreased, leading to less shame in seeking help, there is a potential risk that it becomes an „honorable retreat option“ from work.
• Future Direction: Saameli believes psychiatry must maintain its connection to medicine and focus on prevention and early detection to avoid unnecessary hospitalizations. The goal should be to invest in preventing exclusion from society. He emphasizes the need to treat severely ill and disturbed individuals and family systems, focusing on what is necessary rather than what is commercially profitable. Resources should be directed where they are most needed, not where the most money can be made. He concludes that good psychiatrists have interests beyond just medicine, which enables them to sustain and make an impact in their challenging profession.

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